International relations

International relations (IR) or international affairs, depending on academic institution, is either a field of political science or an interdisciplinary academic field similar to global studies, in which students take a variety of internationally focused courses in social science and humanities disciplines. In both cases, the field studies relationships among countries, the roles of sovereign states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), international non-governmental organizations (INs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). International relations is an academic and a public policy field, and so can be positive and normative, because it analyzes and formulates the foreign policy of a given State.

As political activity, international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides (c. 460–395 BC), and, in the early 20th century, became a discrete academic field (No. 5901 in the 4-digit UNESCO Nomenclature) within political science. In practice International Relations and International Affairs forms a separate academic program or field from Political Science, and the courses taught therein are highly interdisciplinary.

International

International mostly means something (a company, language, or organization) involving more than a single country. The term international as a word means involvement of, interaction between or encompassing more than one nation, or generally beyond national boundaries. For example, international law, which is applied by more than one country and usually everywhere on Earth, and international language which is a language spoken by residents of more than one country.

Origin of the word

The term international was coined by the utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham in his Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation, which was printed for publication in 1780 and published in 1789. Bentham wrote: "The word international, it must be acknowledged, is a new one; though, it is hoped, sufficiently analogous and intelligible. It is calculated to express, in a more significant way, the branch of law which goes commonly under the name of the law of nations. The word was adopted in French in 1801.Thomas Erskine Holland noted in his article on Bentham in the 11th edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica that "Many of Bentham's phrases, such as 'international,' 'utilitarian,' 'codification,' are valuable additions to our language; but the majority of them, especially those of Greek derivation, have taken no root in it."

Affair

An affair is a sexual relationship, romantic friendship, or passionate attachment between two people without the other spouse knowing.

Romantic affair

A romantic affair, also called an affair of the heart, may refer to sexual liaisons among unwed or wedded parties, or to various forms of nonmonogamy. Unlike a casual relationship, which is a physical and emotional relationship between two people who may have sex without expecting a more formal romantic relationship, an affair is by its nature romantic.

Affair may also describe part of an agreement within an open marriage or open relationship, such as Swinging, dating, or polyamory, in which some forms of sex with one's non-primary partner(s) are permitted and other forms are not. Participants in open relationships, including unmarried couples and polyamorous families, may consider sanctioned affairs the norm, but when a non-sanctioned affair occurs, it is described as infidelity and may be experienced as adultery, or a betrayal both of trust and integrity, even though to most people it would not be considered "illicit".

Economic inequality

Economic inequality, also known as income inequality and wealth inequality, is the difference found in various measures of economic well-being among individuals in a group, among groups in a population, or among countries. Economists generally focus on economic disparity in three metrics: wealth, income, and consumption. The issue of economic inequality can be relevant to notions of equity, equality of outcome, and equality of opportunity. Some studies point to inequality as a growing social problem. Too much inequality can be destructive, because income inequality and wealth concentration can hinder long term growth.

Too much equality can also be destructive by decreasing the incentive for productivity and the desire to take risks and create wealth. There is ultimately a trade-off between equality and productivity. A central question in discussions about economic inequality is what constitutes an "optimal" level of economic inequality.

Economic inequality varies between societies, historical periods, economic structures and systems. The term can refer to cross sectional distribution of income or wealth at any particular period, or to the lifetime income and wealth over longer periods of time. There are various numerical indices for measuring economic inequality. A widely used one is the Gini coefficient, but there are also many other methods.

Megyn Kelly

Megyn Marie Kelly (born November 18, 1970), formerly known as Megyn Kendall, is a journalist, former attorney, news pundit, and political commentator on the Fox News Channel. As of 2014, Kelly hosts The Kelly File weekday evenings from the network's New York City headquarters. She previously hosted America Live. Prior to that, Kelly co-hosted America's Newsroom along with Bill Hemmer. From 2007 to 2012, the two also hosted Fox News Channel's New Year's Eve specials, All American New Year. She was included in the 2014 Time list of the 100 most influential people.

Early life

Kelly was born in Syracuse, New York, to Edward Kelly, who taught education at the State University of New York at Albany, and Linda, a homemaker. She is of Italian descent on her mother's side and Irish descent on her father's. Kelly's father died when she was 15 years old.

Kelly attended Tecumseh Elementary School, in DeWitt, New York. At age 9, her family moved to the Albany, New York suburb of Delmar, where she attended Bethlehem Central High School. After high school, she obtained an undergraduate degree in political science at Syracuse University and earned a J.D. from Albany Law School in 1995. Kelly is Roman Catholic.